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And permafrost is basically just rocks and soil. And it's frozen. It has to be considered frozen for at least two years. And a hot cell may thaw as a top layer of permafrost. And this is the active layer. Ancient microbes, they're much deeper down in layers that thaw only when temperatures rise significantly for a long period. And for this new study, researchers traveled to Alaska and went to Alaska where permafrost covers about 85% of the land.