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In the cruise journal, Hoffs suggested that the ship's rudder wasn't what caused it to sink. It may have played a role, but the ship also had serious damage to its stern post, heel hull, and deck beams while trapped in the ice. And structural analysis showed that the ship was not designed for the compressive packed ice conditions that are actually sunken. And the danger of moving ice and compressive loads and how to design a ship for conditions, it was well understood before the ship sailed. And so, the question came up, why did Shackleton choose a ship that was not strengthened for compressive ice?